Persuasive Essay On Immunizations - 1600 Words

Imagine traveling to the â€Å"Happiest Place on Earth†, Disneyland, with your family. While you are there a person that has not been vaccinated is walking around with the measles virus in their system. While that person shows no signs or symptoms of the measles, they are infecting others that haven’t been vaccinated, due to young age or other purposes. Now what turned out to be many people’s family vacations is now a life-threatening situation for some. This type of outbreak actually occurred during December of 2014, where 40 Californians were exposed to the measles at Disneyland and 91 additional cases of the outbreak strain also occurred from the people exposed affecting others (Blumberg et al, 2015). Outbreaks likes this can potentially be†¦show more content†¦This poses the question that if vaccinations can protect a child from a major illness why are parents choosing not to vaccinate their children? In the past couple of years controversy over immu nizations has become a large debate in society. Many parents have come to the belief that if their child is given vaccinations their chance of getting autism spectrum disorder increases; therefore they choose not to vaccinate their child. However, evidence has show that vaccines have no correlation with autism spectrum disorder. A meta-analysis conducted of five cohort and five case studies found no evidence for the link between vaccinations and the subsequent risk of developing autism spectrum disorder (Taylor, Swerdfeger, Eslick, 2014). The cohort study consisted of 1,256,407 children and the case studies consisted of a total of 9,920 children (Taylor, Swerdfeger, Eslick, 2014). Though it’s natural for a parent to worry and want to protect their child from something harmful, scientific studies have show that no correlation is present with vaccinations and autism spectrum disorder. Childhood immunizations are extremely important to promote with expectant parents because it’s their vital decision to get their child vaccinated or not. Expectant parents need to be educated by health care workers about immunizations in order to completely understand how important they are for their newborn child’s health. Immunization accounts forShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Immunizations1774 Words   |  8 Pagesabout immunizations? According to the Medilexicon medical dictionary, â€Å"an immunization is the action of making a person or animal immune to infection, typically by inoculation.† The Merriam-Webster Dictionary provides a more technical definition of immunizations by defining them as â€Å"the creation of immunity usually against a particular disease, treatment (as by vaccination) of an organism for the purpose of making it immune to a particular pathogen.† Most people feel that immunizations are a veryRead MoreShould Vaccines Be M andatory1492 Words   |  6 PagesShould Vaccinations be Mandatory? This essay will attempt to investigate the employment of the 23 plus vaccinations used today and how they defend the preventions and spread of diseases. The paper will support the pros and the cons of vaccinations that are supported by research statistics as well as the different symptoms that have been reported for each available vaccine. What is a vaccine? Vaccines have been defined as the development of depleted or killed microscopic organismsRead MoreA Chapter Analysis : Inoculation Theory944 Words   |  4 PagesChapter Analysis Essay: Inoculation Theory This theory is often explained and equated to vaccinations, immunizations, flu shots and the like; hence its name, Inoculation Theory. William McGuire, the originator of the theory in 1961, created the phrase attitude inoculation to refer to the process (Have your children had their anti-smoking shots?† 2004). The idea behind the theory is to cause resistance to persuasion as it comes against core beliefs or cultural truisms by inoculating the belief withRead MoreEssay about Arguments for and Against Mandatory Vaccination2269 Words   |  10 Pagesvaccination of girls have become sources of controversy for parents of school-aged youth, legislators, members of the medical community, and the public at large (Cooper et al. 2010). Evidence Based Arguments against Mandatory HPV Vaccination Childhood immunizations, such as measles, chicken pox, and polio, are mandatory for school-aged youth and are required because of their highly contagious nature, especially in settings where people congregate in large numbers (De Jong and Bouma, 2001). Therefore, parentsRead MorePersuasive Essay About Vaccines And Vaccinations2223 Words   |  9 PagesHailey Chirhart Paul Reid English Composition 2 June 8, 2015 Persuasive Essay Rough Draft You and your significant other have just found out that you’re pregnant. You will carry the baby for 9 months and you will protect it with your own body, but what happens after birth? What kind of protection should you provide them with? The question is to vaccinate, or to not vaccinate? First off, let’s start with what a vaccine is. A vaccine is a substance that produces antibodies and provides immunity against

Essay about Richard Nixon - 2082 Words

Richard Nixons presidency is one of the most examined, analyzed and discussed, yet least understood, of all the American administrations in history. While many factors still remain to be discovered, and many mysteries are left to be resolved, we need to do the best that we can to make sense of this secretive president of our past and his era. He is the one American figure about whom very few people dont have strong feelings for. Nixon is loved and hated, honored and mocked . The term Watergate, labeled by Congress in 1974, stands for not only the burglary, but also for the numerous instances of officially sanctioned criminal activity and abuses of power as well as the obstruction of justice that preceded the actual break-in.†¦show more content†¦It was an inspiring speech that would remove the fear that he believed restrained the Americans and the Soviets from better relationships in the past. Meanwhile, in Washington, the Presidents election staff was overcome with a different fear. Despite Nixons high standing position for being reelected, his CREEP staff (Committee to Reelect the President) was afraid that they might not have as much dirt on Nixons opponents as they had on Nixon. The President laid upon his staff the determination to do whatever possible to win the election . With this approval, Nixons staff, headed by G. Gordon Liddy, began planning more ways of attaining information from the DNC. What they named the Plumbers unit was established as a special task force for the President. The Plumbers purpose was to keep any secret information from being discovered by reporters. In one situation, wearing CIA provided disguises, they illegally broke into Dr. Fields office, a psychiatrist, for information on a patient, Daniel Ellsberg, who had given private Pentagon papers to the New York Times 25). It turned out that the doctor had already been visited by the FBI and, taking precaution, removed the files. The White House also came up with an adversary list. Every President from Washington to Johnson has had his list of disapprovals, but Nixons was much more efficient and threatening . The list originated onShow MoreRelatedRichard Nixon : The Silent1491 Words   |  6 PagesRichard Nixon was a president that dealt with many problems while he was in office, such as Vietnam, China, and civil rights. Nixon was a great politician and appeared to want the best for America. In Nixon s silent majority speech he wanted to end the war in vietnam while sparing the â€Å"democratic† citizens in southern Vietnam, but for him to do this he needed to bargain with the citizens of America and the leaders of the western world in order to accomplish his goals without too many problems, suchRead MorePardon of Richard Nixon1193 Words   |  5 PagesControversial Pardon of Richard Nixon HIST102 American History Since 1877 Instructor: 22 February 2014 Former President Richard Nixon is most well-known for his role in the Watergate crisis in the early 1970’s. The Watergate crisis started in June of 1972, when the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters was broke into by members of Nixon’s re-election committee. The press took this breaking news and began to dig deeper into what the Whitehouse (President Nixon) was hiding. Over theRead MoreThe Legacy Of Richard Nixon1104 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Nixon, though created a large credibility gap within the US, he accomplished a lot for the country. He served five years in the presidential office as a republican (1969-1974), and he was the only president to resign from office in history. Although through his presidency he had accomplished many things, such as creating revenue sharing, ending the draft, and creating anticrime laws, he still had a rough time rebuilding his reputation after many assumptions of corruption in his office. ThoughRead MoreThe Presiden cy Of Richard Nixon1856 Words   |  8 Pagesthe 1970s, under President Richard Nixon, the people felt the first serious inflation since after World War II. Also under Nixon, a scandal of political sabotage caused fear and mistrust towards the government. The crises in the 1970s represented the first time in American history when the public perceived their government had fail them and it did through mistrust in the government, foreign crises, and a strong decline in the economy. Under the presidency of Richard Nixon, a wide-spread of fear withinRead MoreEssay Richard Nixon1491 Words   |  6 PagesRichard Nixon Born in 1913 in Yorba Linda, California, Richard Milhouse Nixon was raised in a Quaker home with his four brothers, mother and father. His family led a docile life by abstaining from all dancing, swearing, drinking and other common Quaker practices (Barron 12). Financially, the family struggled and he could not afford to attend Harvard University even with a full-ride scholarship. Instead, Nixon enrolled at Whittier College, a popular Quaker college close to home (Barron 39). NixonRead MoreRichard Nixon Essay628 Words   |  3 PagesRichard Nixon History will inevitably forgive Richard Nixon. Despite his obvious unlawful mistakes, he made a good president. Until 1968, most Americans saw Richard Nixon as a political has-been, a dour pre-McCarthy hunter of Communists. In 1968, however, Nixon won the Presidency by presenting himself as a healer of divisions. He demonstrated that he had greater ability to reinvent himself than any other modern politician. More than any other figure between the death of Franklin D. RooseveltRead MorePresident Nixon : President Richard Nixon Essay1878 Words   |  8 Pagesbe the downfall of President Richard Nixon. Nixon had a significant amount of experience in government before becoming president, which ultimately influenced how domestic policy, economic policy, and foreign policy was shaped during his tenure. I. EXPERIENCE BEFORE THE PRESIDENCY: As documented by the Miller Center, Richard Nixon’s start in national politics began in the late 40s with his successful campaign for the House of Representatives in California (Richard Nixon: Life Before the Presidency)Read More Richard Nixon Essay2727 Words   |  11 PagesRichard Nixon The President of the United States is often considered the most powerful elected official in the world. The President leads a nation of great wealth and military strength. Presidents have often provided decisive leadership in times of crisis, and they have shaped many important events in history. The President has many roles and performs many duties. As chief executive, the President makes sure that federal laws are enforced. As commander in chief of the nations armed forcesRead MoreNixon Vs. President Richard M. Nixon1304 Words   |  6 PagesTrace Haven Mrs. Molzahn American Literature May 17, 2017 Nixon vs. People   Ã‚  Ã‚   President Richard M. Nixon once said, â€Å" I can see clearly now†¦ that I was wrong in not acting more decisively and more forthrightly in dealing with Watergate† (Watergate Quotes). The Watergate scandal began when five men attempted to break into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate Complex. The government had to create an act in order to have the right to view all surveillance footageRead More Richard Nixon and the Election of 19691107 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Nixon and the Election of 1969   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard Nixon, was born on January 9th, 1913, in Yorba Linda, California. Fifty-six years after he was born he became the 37th president of the United States. In the election Nixon only defeated the democratic candidate, Hubert Humphrey, by about 500,000 in the popular vote. Nixon is considered one of the most controversial politicians of the twentieth century. He used his political experience, his background, the communist scare of the late forties

Kfkfkfkf Free Essays

4-Mat Review on Entwistle Chelesea Snyder Liberty University Summary If you are looking for both sides of the argument Integrative Approaches to Psycology and Christianity is your book. If gives the different models and different theories to back each one up completely. Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity was a great read. We will write a custom essay sample on Kfkfkfkf or any similar topic only for you Order Now Entwistle did an amazing job on putting together a great read with some different aspects to things. The author’s thoughts are trying to explain the truth of God’s word and show the insights it has on psychology. Integration which there were several different theories and approaches to the two, is what this book revolved around. The argumentation of integration and psychology are still a question with no right or wrong answers. While most of his arguments had biblical truths with in them he could argue that they didn’t. The psychology world has seen many pros to people believing in Christianity. It’s been a great stress reliever as well as a different mindset for people. The book explains that t sacred and secular combatants when it comes to the truth. Human nature is we are all born with sin having good and evil within our souls and hearts. Within the reading society has seemed to always struggle on integrating the two. You have government that tells us we must separate church and state, you have some within society that would like to see the two integrate together again. We have seen in Entwistles works that people have within the church come up with science ideals. These approaches and studies however were hidden because religion was scared they no longer had the answers. For these two different parts of life to truthfully integrate people are going to have to put their feelings aside and work together; compromise is the only way these two will always over shadow the other. Epistemology, metaphysics and philosophical anthropologies are important to exam within the worldview of things. By examining the two books God’s word and the book of God’s works we can come to a better model of integration (Entwistle, 2010). The text talks about integration in a way that if you are too Christian you lose psychology and if you are to big into science you seem to lose the Christian principles behind it. Enemies, Spies, Colonialists, Neutral Parties, and Allies; are the 5 integration models. Enemies in short term believe that religion and psychology could never be integrated, spies there are two types of spies. Spies on the outside or spies on the inside. Spies on the outside want information only to link with their principles and spies on the inside try to be buddy Neutral parties are just that neutral to everything and say they don’t really care either way. Colonialists on the other hand seek to make psychology subservient to theology. Allies are those who are on your side. I think that science without religion is lame and conversely that religion without science is blind. Both are important and should work hand-in-hand. Albert Einstein (Entwistle, 2010). Concrete Responses The saying that got to me was when you come to a fork in the, road take it. It reminds me of the poem the Road Not Taken by Robert Frost. When I was a sophomore in college I was a mere 19 years old, I loved Kansas Wesleyan University but was still very miserable, seems kinda silly that I was so miserable yet loved the place all at the same time. I was newly married, my husband had just deployed shortly after I was stuck in a catch 22. My husband wasn’t in Califonia but I wanted to go and take a semester off the semester before to spend time with him. I should have but didn’t because my parents would of freaked in fact they did freakout which was why I came back in January to finish out the year instead of spending three months as newlyweds. Coming back in January was hard very hard I was very involved in everything on campus from Choir, student activities, and even RA. We sang Robert Frost’s poem the road not taken, it was dark and one of my favorites. The end of that year I left Kansas Wesleyan transferred to Fort Hays University and took the fork in the road. This was triggered because it was out of the normal. To my parents thye very much didn’t support my decision so it was wrong because it wasn’t theirs. This particular situation just makes me think that I have control over things but not all and even if they do not match my opinions and decisions I shouldn’t make a snap judgment as Jesus gave us all different forks or paths to take. We must jump at the opportunity he gives us to fly at the fork in the road. Reflection The thing that troubled me with this book was the author’s talk about limitations. While I believe he is correct we are very much a part of nature however I don’t believe God set limitations on humans. My theory within limitations is most of the time we humans limit ourselves. God will meet us half way always has, we must do some of the work as well. God let’s us figure and find things within science on his time if not we wouldn’t know about space, molecules or anything about human nature and progress in sciences. Action The biggest thing I want to take from this book to put into my counseling is realize that not one way is affective on everybody. Some people will want to know you are praying for them and others will want you to pray with them right then and there. I want to put into practice that my client will get what they want and me as the counselor need to make it appoint to give the client exactly what they have asked for. I want people to feel great about themselves which is why I want to be a counselor in the first place. But the biggest thing I want people to realize is they as well as God have the reigns with their counseling so we will use this as a way to hopefully heal and mend their hearts and minds. References Entwistle, D. N. (2010). Integrative approaches to psychology and christianity: An introduction to worldview issues, philosophical foundations, and models of integration  (2 nd ed. ). Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. How to cite Kfkfkfkf, Papers

Louis Sullivan Essay Research Paper Louis Sullivan free essay sample

Louis Sullivan Essay, Research Paper Louis Sullivan was without a uncertainty one of the most influential figures in American architecture. He can be credited with lying the foundation of today # 8217 ; s modern skyscrapers. In add-on, he has produced some of the most brilliant decorations seen in 19th and twentieth century, which adorned his edifices. On September 3, 1856, Louis Henri Sullivan was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His came from an Irish male parent and a Gallic female parent. Louis led a sheltered childhood as consequence of the civil war, and spent a good trade of clip on his grandparents # 8217 ; farm outside of the metropolis. It is here that Sullivan developed an intense construct of nature, which would be evident in his ulterior work. By the age of 12, Louis decided to prosecute a calling in architecture. Moses Wilson, one of Sullivan # 8217 ; s high school instructors, introduced him to the subjects of silence, attending, and watchfulness, which are necessary constituents of the abilities to detect, reflect, and discriminate. These would function to assist him in his calling chases. Asa Gray, a phytologist from Harvard who lectured at his school, caught his involvement in the morphology of workss. At the age of 16, he was admitted two old ages early to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Sullivan # 8217 ; s first employment came as a draughtsman for the architectural house Furness and Hewitt in Philadelphia, which he felt was best suited to his gustatory sensations. An economic terror resulted in his layoff from the house and his resettlement to Chicago. It was here that he went to work for Major William LeBaron Jenney. It was non long earlier Louis had acquainted himself with legion other designers in the metropolis ; the most of import of whom would turn out to be John Edelman. The summer of 1874 had Sullivan going overseas to the Ecole diethylstilbestrols Beaur Arts in Paris. After go throughing strict admittances trials, he studied geometric signifier from Monsieur Clopet. Next, Louis toured Italy to analyze its all right plants of art. Sullivan returned to Chicago in 1875, where he worked several draftsman places over the following five old ages. After this period, John Edelman introduced him to Dankmar Adler. The two formed a partnership in 1881 that would last 14 old ages. Sullivan handled the design of their architecture, while Adler oversaw the technology and acoustic countries of the house. Louis had two chief protegees over the class of his calling. Frank Lloyd Wright was his main draughtsman until 1893, when George Grant Elmslie took over the place until 1909. Infact, Elmslie had an influential manus in Sullivan # 8217 ; s work during the last old ages of the operation. After the bend of the century nevertheless, Sullivan became impoverished with few committees. Prior to his decease in 1924, he wrote A System of Architectural Ornam ent. In the book, he illustrates â€Å"natural world† subject apparent in his work. In a comparatively short sum of clip, Sullivan achieved many paces in American architecture. His plants were based on the Romantic Movement of the clip, and his most common edifice decorations depicted flowers. He constructed diverse types of constructions including abodes, office edifices, Bankss, warehouses, mills, theatres, libraries, and an auditorium. Louis was ever one to integrate the latest technological progresss into his work. He was the first to use steel model in his building of the Insurance Building of Chicago in 1884. It was this construction that paved the manner for contemporary skyscrapers. He was besides one of the first to use the electric lift, and integrate it seamlessly into his masonry. Sullivan did non merely plan great edifices he influenced history. Sullivan was one of the first designers to construct # 8220 ; skyscrapers # 8221 ; . When people look at our major metropolis # 8217 ; s now that is all they see from a distance. Louis stayed off from past manners of architecture that he considered inessential. Sullivan created what is called # 8220 ; functional architecture # 8221 ; . In functional architecture a edifice is non merely made with its artistic intent in head and it is non made with merely its intent in my head, but the signifier of the edifice on the outside reflects what the edifice is used for on the interior. Although it seems the natural thing to make, non many designers integrated nature into their work until Sullivan. The edifices he designed were both representatives of tradition and alteration at the same clip. His belief that architecture is merely an extension of life, a natural map, comes from his life experience. Sullivan designed edifi ces that made sense to him ; that is, their # 8220 ; signifier follows function. # 8221 ; He besides had enormous regard for the natural universe ; and that was besides incorporated into his edifices. He clearly understood the importance of an aesthetically pleasing construction every bit good as a functional 1. Since Sullivan died his expression has become the standard for his profession. Almost every major metropolis today has skyscrapers ; hence Louis Sullivan has influenced about every major metropolis. Today, the bulk of Sullivan # 8217 ; s edifices have faced destruction. However, an attempt was taken on by the Southern Illinois University to roll up and continue the assorted decorations on his edifices prior to their devastation. These samples of his work can be observed at the college museum. However, there still are constructions of Sullivan # 8217 ; s standing today. The rural Bankss that he constructed in Ohio between 1907 and 1920 have been considered by many to be his best staying work. Bibliography Louis Sullivan: A Visionary ( 1978 )

The Integumentary System Essay Example

The Integumentary System Essay 5 The Integumentary System FOCUS: The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and a variety of glands. The epidermis of the skin provides protection against abrasion, ultraviolet light, and water loss, and produces vitamin D. The dermis provides structural strength and contains blood vessels involved in temperature regulation. The skin is attached to underlying tissue by the hypodermis, which is a major site of fat storage. CONTENT LEARNING ACTIVITY Hypodermis The hypodermis is not part of the integumentary system. Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Fat Hypodermis 1. Sometimes called subcutaneous tissue. 2. Loose connective tissue that attaches the skin to underlying bone or muscle. 3. Functions as padding and insulation. 4. Responsible for some of the structural differences between men and women. The hypodermis contains about half the bodys stored fat. Measuring the thickness of the hypodermis is a technique used to estimate total body fat. 1 The dermis is dense connective tissue that forms the deep layer of the skin. Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Cleavage lines Dermal papillae Striae 1. Directions in which the skin is most resistant to stretch. . Lines visible through the epidermis produced by overstretching of the dermis. 3. Blood vessels in this structure exchange nutrients and waste products with the epidermis. 4. Projections from the dermis into the epidermis; produce fingerprints. Dermis The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium separated from the dermis by a basement membrane. A. Epidermis Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Callus Corn Keratin Keratinization Lipids Stratum basale Stratum corneum 1. The process that changes the shape and chemical composition of epidermal cells. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on The Integumentary System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Integumentary System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Integumentary System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The strata of the epidermis that produces new cells by mitosis. 3. The strata of the epidermis that contains dead, squamous cells. 4. Responsible for the structural strength of the stratum corneum. 5. Responsible for preventing fluid loss through the skin. 6. A thickened area of stratum corneum produced in response to friction. 7. Stratum corneum that thickens to form a cone-shaped structure over a bony prominence. The epidermis forms a permeability barrier that is also resistant to abrasion. 2 B. Match these terms with the correct part labeled in figure 5. 1: Dermis Epidermis Stratum basale Stratum corneum 1. 2. 3. 4. Figure 5. 1 Skin color is determined by pigments in the skin, by blood circulation through the skin, and by the thickness of the stratum corneum. Skin Color Using the terms provided, complete these statements: Albinism Birthmarks Blue color Carotene Cyanosis Melanin Melanocytes Melanosomes Red color Suntan 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. (1) is the term used to describe a group of pigments responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. It is produced by (2) in the stratum basale, packaged into (3) , and is distributed to other epidermal cells. Melanin production is determined by genetic factors, hormones, and exposure to light. A mutation that prevents the manufacture of melanin is called (4) . Increased melanin production in response to ultraviolet light results in a (5) . The (6) of tattoos, bruises, and some superficial blood vessels is due to the lightscattering effect of overlying tissues. (7) is a yellow pigment found in plants such as squash and carrots. When large amounts of this pigment are consumed, the excess accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fat cells of the dermis and hypodermis, causing the skin to develop a yellowish tint. Blood flowing through the skin produces a (8) . When blood flow increases (e. g. blushing) this color intensifies. A decrease in the blood oxygen content of blood produces a bluish color called (9) . Congenital disorders of blood vessels in the dermis produce (10) . 3 The presence of hair is one of the characteristics common to all mammals. A. Hair Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Arrector pili Cortex Cuticle Hair bulb Hair follicle Hair root Hair shaft Medulla 1. Portion of hair protruding above the surface of the skin. 2. Soft center of a hair. 3. Outer layer of a hair consisting of a single layer of overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle. 4. An extension of the epidermis into the dermis. 5. Smooth muscles cells that cause hair to stand on end and also produce goose flesh. B. Hair is produced in cycles that involve a growth stage alternating with a resting stage. Match these terms with the correct part labeled in figure 5. 2: Arrector pili Cortex Cuticle Dermal papilla Hair bulb Hair follicle wall Hair root Hair shaft Medulla 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Figure 5. 2 4 The major glands of the skin are the sebaceous glands and the sweat glands. A. Glands Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Apocrine sweat gland Merocrine sweat gland Sebaceous gland Sebum 1. Oily, white substance rich in lipids; lubricates hair and the surface of the skin, prevents drying, and protects against some bacteria. 2. Produces sebum; opens into the hair follicle. 3. Produces a watery secretion (sweat); opens onto the surface of the skin. 4. Produces a thick, organic secretion that is broken down by bacteria to produce body odor; opens into the hair follicle. B. Match these terms with the correct part labeled in figure 5. 3: Apocrine sweat gland Merocrine sweat gland Sebaceous gland 1. 2. 3. Figure 5. 3 5 The distal ends of the digits of humans have nails. A. Nails Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Eponychium Lunula Nail body 1. Visible part of the nail. Nail matrix Nail root 2. Cuticle; stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body. 3. Produces the nail. 4. Whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of a nail; part of the nail matrix. B. Unlike hair, nails grow continuously and do not have a resting stage. Match these terms with the correct part labeled in figure 5. 4: Eponychium (cuticle) Lunula Nail bed Nail body Nail matrix Nail root 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 6 Functions of the Integumentary System The integumentary system has many functions in the body. Excretion Protection Sensation Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Temperature regulation Vitamin D production 1. The skin functions as a physical and permeability barrier. 2. Absorption of ultraviolet light by melanin. 3. Resists abrasion by sloughing cells from the epidermis. 4. Begins when a precursor molecule is exposed to ultraviolet light in the skin. 5. Carried out by producing sweat and increasing or decreasing blood vessel diameter. 6. Occurs to a slight degree with sweat production when some urea, uric acid, and ammonia are lost. The Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System As the body ages, many changes occur in the integumentary system. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Increases Using the terms provided, complete these statements: Decreases As the body ages blood flow to the skin (1) , and the thickness of the skin (2) . The skin is more easily damaged and repairs more slowly. The amount of elastic fibers in the skin (3) and the amount of fat in the hypodermis (4) , causing the skin to wrinkle and sag. The activity of sweat and sebaceous glands (5) , resulting in dry skin and poor ability to regulate body temperature. The number of functioning melanocytes (6) , but in the hands and face, melanocytes increase to produce age spots. White or gray hair also results because melanin production (7) . The integumentary system is useful in diagnosis because it is observed easily. Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Cyanosis Jaundice Rash 1. Indicates impaired circulatory or respiratory function. 2. Results from a buildup of bile pigments in the blood. 3. Can indicate an allergic reaction, for example, to penicillin. The Integumentary System as a Diagnostic Aid 7 Burns are classified according to the depth of the burn. Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: First degree burn Second degree burn Third degree burn Full thickness burn Partial thickness burn Burns 1. Part of the stratum basale remains viable and regeneration of the epidermis occurs from within the burn area as well as from the edges of the burn; includes first and second degree burns. 2. Involves only the epidermis; red and painful. 3. Damages the epidermis and dermis; symptoms include redness, pain, edema, and blisters. 4. The epidermis and dermis are destroyed, and recovery occurs from the edges of the burn; also called a third degree burn. ? Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer. Match these terms with the correct statement or definition: Basal cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma Squamous cell carcinoma 1. Begins in the stratum basale and extends into the dermis to produce an open ulcer; the most frequent type of skin cancer. 2. Develops from cells immediately superficial to the stratum basale; a nodular, k eratinized tumor confined to the epidermis. 3. A rare form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, usually in a preexisting mole; unless diagnosed and treated early this cancer is often fatal. Skin Cancer QUICK RECALL 1. List 5 functions of the integumentary system. 2. Name two strata of the epidermis and the process that changes the deepest stratum into the most superficial stratum. 8 3. Name two pigments involved in skin color. 4. Name the two stages in the hair growth cycle. 5. List the three types of glands found in the skin. 6. List four protective functions of the skin. 7. State two ways the integumentary system functions to regulate body temperature. 8. Name the three types of skin cancer. WORD PARTS Give an example of a new vocabulary word that contains each word part. WORD PART subdermkeratmelancyanpapillMEANING below skin horn black dark blue nipple 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. EXAMPLE 9 MASTERY LEARNING ACTIVITY Place the letter corresponding to the correct answer in the space provided. 1. The hypodermis a. connects the dermis to underlying bone and muscle. b. is the layer of skin where hair is produced. c. is the layer of skin where nails are produced. d. connects the dermis and the epidermis. 2. The part of the skin where cells divide by mitosis in order to replace cells lost from the outermost surface of the skin? a. hypodermis b. dermis c. stratum basale d. stratum corneum 3. The papillae of the dermis a. are responsible for cleavage or tension lines in the skin. b. contain large deposits of fat. c. are responsible for fingerprints. d. do not contain blood vessels. 4. In what area of the body would you expect to find an especially thick stratum corneum? a. back of the hand b. heel of the foot c. abdomen d. over the shin 5. The function of keratin in the skin is a. lubrication of the skin. b. to reduce water loss. c. to provide protection from ultraviolet light. d. to provide structural strength. 6. Concerning skin color, which of the following statements is NOT correctly matched? . skin appears yellow carotene present b. no skin pigmentation (albinism) genetic disorder c. skin tans increased melanin production d. skin appears blue (cyanosis) oxygenated blood e. dark skinned person compared to a fair-skinned person more melanin in the dark-skinned person 7. Hair a. slowly, but continually grows. b. grows from the tip of the hair shaft. c. consists of co lumns of dead keratinized epithelial cells. d. all of the above 8. A hair follicle a. is an extension of the epidermis into the dermis. b. receives a duct from a sebaceous gland. c. eceives a duct from an apocrine sweat gland. d. all of the above 9. Smooth muscles that produce goose flesh when they contract are the a. papillae. b. cuticle. c. medulla. d. arrector pili. 10. Sebum a. lubricates hair and skin, which prevents drying. b. is produced by sweat glands. c. consists of dead cells from hair follicles. d. is responsible for body odor. 10 11. If a person was born without any sweat glands, it would most likely affect the persons ability to a. secrete waste products. b. control body temperature in warm environments. c. flush out secretions that accumulate in hair follicles. . prevent some bacteria from growing on the skin. 12. While building the patio deck to his house, an anatomy and physiology instructor hit his finger with a hammer. He responded by saying, Gee, I hope I didnt i rreversibly damage the _____, because if I did, my fingernail will never grow back. a. cuticle b. nail body c. nail matrix d. nail root 13. Skin aids in maintaining the calcium and phosphate levels of body by participating in the production of a. carotene. b. keratin. c. vitamin A. d. vitamin D. 14. On a sunny spring day a student decided to initiate her annual tanning ritual. However, she fell asleep while sunbathing. After awakening she noticed that the skin on her back was burned. She experienced redness, blisters, edema, and pain. The burn was nearly healed about 10 days later. The burn was best classified as a a. first degree burn. b. second degree burn. c. third degree burn. 15. A large, flat spreading lesion develops from a mole. A short time later the victim dies of cancer. The type of cancer most likely was a a. basal cell carcinoma. b. squamous cell carcinoma. c. malignant melanoma. ? F INAL CHALLENGES Use a separate sheet of paper to complete this section. 1. The rate of water loss from the skin of the hand was measured. Following the measurement the hand was soaked in alcohol for 15 minutes. After all the alcohol was removed from the hand, the rate of water loss was again measured. Compared to the rate of water loss before soaking the hand in alcohol, what difference, if any, would you expect in the rate of water loss after soaking the hand in alcohol. 2. It has been several weeks since Goodboy Player has competed in a tennis match. After the match he discovers that a blister has formed beneath an old callus on his foot and the callus as fallen off. When he examines the callus he discovers that it appears yellow. Can you explain why? 3. Why is it difficult to surgically remove a large tattoo without causing scar tissue to form? (hint: why do tattoos appear bluish in color? ) 4. Given what you know about the cause of body odor, propose some ways to prevent the condition. 5. Dandy Chef has been burned on the arm. The doctor, using a forceps, pulls on a hair within the area that was burned. The hair easily pulls out. What degree of burn did the patient have and how do you know? 11

Structures Of Resisitance Essays - Land Management, Feudalism

Structures Of Resisitance Essays - Land Management, Feudalism Structures Of Resisitance The nature of interaction between traditional agrarian society and the modern world has remained a controversial debate amongst anthropologists, sociologists and political theorists. It remains contentious as to whether the dominance of modern values over traditional is desirable; whether the arrival of the market and modern commerce betters or worsens the conditions of rural society and its relationship with the metropol; whether such change is received with apprehension or optimism by the members of rural society. Joel Migdal, for example, puts forth certain arguments proposing the concept of culture contactthat exposure and contact are the causes of change. Migdal identifies three reasons suggesting why such change would be likely to occur: (1) The benefits of the modern far outweigh the benefits of the traditional. (2) The individual is free from severe institutional restraints which would prevent him from making an unimpeded decision. (3) Those individuals who select the new are rational and are optimisers, and those individuals who do not accept the modern fail to do so because of wrong or nonrational values. Most theorists, however, tend to agree that modern society, for good or bad, is clearly encroaching on traditional agrarian society and gradually moulding its values, economic systems and sociopolitical institutions into variants of the modern equivalent. However, this consensus fails to account for one extremely significant fact: that despite the overwhelming economic, political and cultural dominance of the modern world, traditional agrarian structures continue to persist in various forms: the feudal estates of Third World countries, plantations and latifundismos in Southern Italy and much of Latin America, and so on. The questions thus arise: why do such traditional social relations persist in spite of the modern impulse? Why do customs and rituals and social codes play such an important part in determining rural society? Why do inefficient labour-intensive technology and archaic labour organisation systems continue to determine the process of economic production? And why do state attempts at modernising rural production continually face defeat and fail to effect conclusive change? This paper attempts to answer these and other questions through an analysis of two similar anachronistic structures that exist in the contemporary world: the Italian latifondo and the Latin American latifundismo. Both structures are organised in a very similar manner, and an analysis of both presents a holistic picture of their social and economic organisation. The paper begins by describing the administrative structure of the latifondo, and then goes on to suggest that the socioeconomic peculiarities of the enterprise may be at least partially explained by the rational voluntarist behaviour of the landlord, who allows old structures to persist in light of their cultural peculiarity. In The Mafia of a Sicilian Village, Anton Blok describes the Sicilian latifondo as being in its main features involutionary. Blok invokes this term while alluding to a complex process in which certain structures undergo internalisation and fixity, as suggested by Clifford Geertz in Agricultural Involution. Involution, according to Geertz, refers to the overdriving of an established form in such a way that it becomes rigid through an inward elaboration of detail. Bloks study of the latifondo leads him to conclude that this agrarian enterprise underwent such a process at both the social and the economic level. Before further exploring this process, however, it is necessary to first understand the power structure and organisation of the Sicilian latifondo. According to Blok, the latifondo was typically leased out to a gabelloto, who in turn hired a number of permanent employees to manage the enterprise. These administrators generally comprised an overseer (soprastante) and a number of field guards (campieri). The overseer was the gabellotos man of confidence he dealt with the peasants set to work on the estates and took care of the general protection of the enterprise. The campieri assisted the overseer in his work, and constituted a kind of private police force which, in the absence of an efficient formal control apparatus, claimed to maintain law and order in the countryside. This hierarchical structure is replicated in Latin American latifundios, as described by Ernest Feder in Latifundios and Agricultural Labour. Feder further describes the Latin American latifundismo as being characterised by absentee landlordism. He asserts that for the rural worker almost every estate

Cellphones Play Important Roles in Communication

Nowadays, there is no one who was not use a gadget like cell phones from old communication likes post mail to high technology that make the communication simple, fast and affordable. wherever people may go and whoever they want to talk. Cell phone make it easier to keep in touch to our family and friends. Communication is the most basic element of the society. And with the technology today people are able to communicate effectively and easily in just a click. Cellphones play important roles in communication nowadays. Not only in calling, people today also uses cellphones in communicating in social media. And it’s been a habit of people to use cellphones to interact in social media by sharing their thoughts, knowledge, opinions, and experiences. Like emergency situations, in case like forgot your keys at home, got injury and also improve knowledge could use phone to internet and learn somethingfrom it. In miss understanding in class, could use it to email your teacher as soon as possible and call classmate for help. And on events around the world, today all phones have new apps. With cellphones came the most useful invention, which was internet. The internet is a great tool as it allows anyone to find information on any of the imaginable topic in seconds. The internet allows to purchase or sell any product anywhere around the world. Social networking is even possible with the help of it people can interact with one another and can create new bonds. There are different kind of people in the world including shy, anti social and various others. Cellphones have many features, which allow shy people to interact with someone on internet without hesitation and increase their confidence. But there are certain factors that contribute and affect a person who is using a cellphone regularly and more often.

Sex and Violence in Popular Culture Research Paper

Sex and Violence in Popular Culture - Research Paper Example The paper focuses on the influence of popular culture on the controversial societal issues like sex and violence. Before going on the discussion, the terms sex, violence and popular culture will be defined first as the meanings contribute to the understanding of the subject matter. Sex is usually equaled to gender as they are interchangeably used in everyday conversations. In reality, sex and gender are different. The former relates to physiological characteristic as the latter is a social concept. Sex is also an act that shows physical contact for procreation. Gender depends upon sets of social norms affected by culture and tradition that set apart males from females (Wilson 1-2). The other term to define is violence. Violence responds to conflict as harm is afflicted physically, emotionally or mentally on other people as a result of human action. Violence includes social injustices such as racism and poverty (Daoust 290). Both of them are linked to popular culture. Popular culture deals with the everyday living of people as the theme reflects the lives of the common people (Browne 5). The study deals with the negative effects of the prevailing images shown by the popular culture to the increasing cases of sex and violence as the two societal problems occur in the recent years in response to what the majority people believe. As people throughout their lives seek for learning about the world and its meanings, interactions happen as the humans in the society share experiences. People have roles to play in their lives as the society dictates as standards and acceptable behavior. The roles do not have strict and rigid boundaries as people can have various roles that show flexibility. People can take charge of their lives and choose particular roles to play. Play is important in socialization and building of the personalities of people as personalities affect the roles that people play. In terms of personality traits, the gender is also affected. Nowadays the avail ability of television programs and video games are widely used by people for information and relaxation. Such popular media affect the roles of women as the video games portray women maintaining beauty and men protecting women even with the use of violence (Dietz 425-426). The portrayals in videogames become very blatant as more people, the young and the old make use of the high technology games for their relaxation. Video games pose hazards in the view and existence of sex and violence as they portray women as sex objects and men as aggressive in nature. The games also show some gender inequality as women are underrepresented in games according to several video game magazines used in the studies done by Dill and Thill. Both the magazines and the games featured there make use of stereotypes in portraying masculinity and femininity like scanty clothes for female characters and brutal weapons for male characters (Dill and Thill 858-859). Stereotypes generalize the categories for showi ng what men and women must be and what they must be not. In reality, it would be impossible to make use of those stereotypes as people are different from one another. Violence and sex were also seen in a particular videogame called Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas as the protagonist or the controllable in-game character is an African-American who encounters racism, violence, sex and all other societal problems on his way home. Black males were

Summary11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary11 - Essay Example The researchers try their best that there is no negative impact of their entry into their lives so they maintain the confidentiality and the privacy of the participants’ information. The threats to the confidentiality of the data are rare but occur often and therefore, the researchers take every possible precaution to protect the data. At the same time, they maintain agreements with the government agencies such as police, customs and tax agents to thwart any demand for the disclosure of information. Basically, the harm to the participant of the disclosing of the information is greater than the benefits to the society at large and therefore, poses an immense ethical issue for criminologists. Protection of the privacy of the personal information of the participant of the criminologists’ research poses another threat to the ethics of the society. The benefits to the society of the research must be weighed against the harms done by the disclosure of the information. At times, the researchers complain that the privacy law prevents them from the active beneficial research work. The disclosure of the personal information related to homicides, sexual abuses and frauds could jeopardize the safety of the respective participants. Therefore to ensure the safety of these people and the researchers, the reports and all other work related to research was anonymised. Informed consent is another issue that confronts the criminologists. The participants must be provided with the lucid understanding of the research objectives and the consent process so that they are aware of all the possible interactions as well as possible dangers to them. The interests and the freedom of the participants must be protected from the researchers and that informed consent must be taken. The criminologists have the probability and the potential to affect the wellbeing of the participants as well as their future economic interests. These researchers must try to minimize the harm to the

Television watching Essay Example for Free

Television watching Essay Extensive viewing of violent programs on television can lead to aggression in children. Children watch an average of three to four hours a televison a day. Television is a powerful influence in shaping behavior and developing value systems. It may lead to a gradual acceptance of violence, imitation of violence, and the identification of violence within themselves. The more a child views a violent television program the more they will become immune to violence and learn to gradually accept it. Research has shown ideal to be true. One example: in several studies, those who watched a violent program instead of a nonviolent one were slower to intervene or to call for help when, a little later, they saw younger children fighting or playing destructively. (What do) Viewing the violent program caused the child to take more time to react to the situation. He had been desensitized to the violent act because he had been viewing a violent programmed show. Television can cause a child to grow to feel immune towards violence. Perhaps our child in this case simply felt nothing but seeing what he witnessed, or maybe he had accepted it as something normal. In either case the violent programs that children are watching are causing adverse effects. A child who has no been exposed to such violent programming on television would have reacted much quicker and intervened when they saw a younger child fighting. But television doesnt only cause children to become immune to the horror of violence, or to gradually be able to accept it as a part of the world. It also can lead to the imitation of violence from the children. Television violence causes an imitation and a heightened sense of aggression among younger children. This proposes a much more of a problem then simply accepting violence and becoming immune to it. Younger children are more likely to carry out violent acts on other children if they are exposed to a substantial amount of violence on television today. This can cause problems in school, home, and even work environments. The child will come to believe that violence is the answer to his problems. Any act of aggression carried out upon another human being will result in a adverse condition being put upon the person committing the act. A child may feel that they need to lash out again someone who took a toy from them as then seen it done on television. This is where the problem begins to make itself apparent. Children who watch the violent shows, even just funny cartoons, were more likely to hit out at their playmates, argue, disobey class rules, leave tasks unfinished, and were less willing to wait for things than those who watched the nonviolent programs (Children). We can see clearly these children are going to find themselves in a whole lot of trouble and many quicker then they realize. From watching the violent programming on televison they accept it as a solution, and the imitate what it is that they have seen. So its not just the imitation alone that effects the children watching the programming its a series of steps. They gradually accept it, then they imitate it, and in imitating it then learn to identify with it. Identification on violence in televison programming leads to an extended identification of the world, aggression, and themselves. Identification with violence on televison can become the most dangerous relationship between TV and the younger person. Studies by George Gerbner, Ph.D., at the University of Pennsylvania, have shown that childrens TV shows contain about 20 violent acts each hour and also that children who watch a lot of television are more likely to think that the world is a mean and dangerous place (What do..). Believing that the work is a mean and dangerous place can put fear into a child. They have already learned to accept and imitate violence, through identification they may react in a way that fits in with the ideal of mean and dangerous. Also, they may become more aggressive in order to fit in with their perspective of what should be. Drama televison often shows a teen going through many difficult situation in their life. Perhaps the program is about a teen committing suicide as a way to deal and cope with his problems. The young child has already learned to accept this violent act and feel immune to it. He could imitate it, or identify with it. In either case this is where a serious problem can begin to show an ugly head. These situation could perhaps been avoided if less violent programming was viewed, or moderated. The violent acts carried out in children is not simply one of these three factors, but it is a progression of the three. Children can accept the violence, then imitate, and identify with it. One in itself doesnt present as serious as issue as the three combined. Televison programming does indeed  have an adverse relationship with aggression among children. We most come to realize that this relationship is only going to progress and in some cases could even result in the loss of many lives.

A Case of Murder by Vernon Scannel is a poem which deals with a very Es

A Case of Murder by Vernon Scannel is a poem which deals with a very unusual topic; the murder of a cat by a nine year old boy. The poet brings the poem alive by using different writing techniques e.g. line lengths. â€Å"A Case of murder† by Vernon Scannel Critical response to literature by Gregor Baird â€Å"A Case of Murder† by â€Å"Vernon Scannel† is a poem which deals with a very unusual topic; the murder of a cat by a nine year old boy. The poet brings the poem alive by using different writing techniques e.g. line lengths, no rhyme or pattern this holds my attention more and stops the rhyme merge into one tone. He also uses writing techniques such as Repetition, Figurative language, structure & rhyme. In the poem the boy has been left with a cat in a basement flat and the cat is just sitting buzzing away. This really annoys the boy and the hatred that has gathered up in the boy. This results in the boy hitting the cat then prodding the cat then crushing the cat in between the door. In result to this the boy cries and decides to get a shovel from the cupboard under the stairs and he shovels the cat into the cupboard under the stairs. Although the cat is dead he thinks the cat is growing in the cupboard and the cupboard is going to split. The boy in the poem is very annoyed about the cat â€Å"He hated that cat; he watched it sit a buzzing machine of soft black stuff† because the cat gets all the attention and he is left out, therefore the boy is jealous of the cat. From the poem it tells us that the boy is insecure with his parents â€Å"He was only nine, not old enough to be left alone in a basement flat† because they left a nine-year-old alone with a cat in a basement flat with no one. This also tells us that h... ...re isn’t something the poet wants to commit to in this poem. It doesn’t have an order of regular size in each stanza a variety of length of lines. Unclear pattern allows us to see the change in the boy’s emotions. The theme of this poem is all to do with guilt, which has been mentioned in the essay. Hate is the main emotion between boy and cat, conscience a thing, which the boy does have, power that has been swapped from cat to boy and anger which has built up in the boy. In conclusion to this critical response to literature I have 1covered the techniques in the poem, the emotions, the situation between the boy and the cat and the very unusual topic. It has been described how the poet brings the unusual poem alive for us. We have discussed the character and how he changed during the main incident and in depth about the emotion and feeling of the boy.

Candide and Enlightenment

Voltaire’s Candide both supported and challenged traditional enlightenment viewpoints through the use of fictional ‘non-western’ perspectives. Candide mockingly contradicts the typical Enlightenment belief that man is naturally good and can be master over his own destiny (optimism). Candide faces many hardships that are caused by the cruelty of man (such as the war between the Bulgars and Abares, Cunegonde being raped, etc) and events that are beyond his control (the earthquake in Lisbon).Voltaire did not believe that a perfect God (or any God) has to exist; he mocked the idea that the world must be completely good, and he makes fun of this idea throughout Candide. He also makes fun of the philosophers of the time, because the philosophers in the novel talk a lot, do nothing, and solve no problems at all. Candide also makes a mockery of the aristocracy’s notion of superiority by birth. Voltaire also addresses the corruption of the religious figures and the church thus â€Å"destroying and challenging the â€Å"Sacred Circle†. Voltaire’s Candide is the story of one man’s trials and sufferings through life. The main character is Candide. Candide is portrayed as a wanderer. He grew up in the Castle of the Baron of Westphalia, who was his mother’s brother and was taught by, Dr. Pangloss, the greatest philosopher of the whole world. Pangloss taught Candide that everything that happens is for the best. Candide is exiled from the castle because of his love for the Baron’s daughter, Cunegonde. He then sets out to different places in the hope of finding her and achieving total happiness. Candide thought that everything happened for the best because the greatest philosopher taught him that, but everyone around him did not accept that theory. The optimistic Pangloss and Candide, suffer and witness a wide variety of horrors: beating, rapes, robberies, unjust executions, disease,and an earthquake, These things do not serve any apparent greater good, but be a sign of the cruelty and madness of humanity and the lack of sympathy of the natural world. Pangloss manages to find justification for the terrible things in the world, but his arguments are sometimes stupid, for example, when the Anabaptist is about to drown he stops Candide from saving him because he claims that the Bay of Lisbon had been formed specifically for the drowning of the Anabaptist. Other characters, such as the old woman, Martin, and Cacambo, have all reached more pessimistic conclusions about humanity and the world because of past experiences. One problem with Pangloss’ optimism was that it was not based on the real world, but on abstract arguments of philosophy. In the story of Candide, philosophy repeatedly proves to be useless and even destructive. It prevents characters from making realistic judgment of the world around them and from taking positive action to change hostile situations. Candide lies under debris after the Lisbon earthquake and Pangloss ignores his requests for oil and wine and instead struggles to prove the causes of the earthquake. In another scenario, Pangloss is telling Candide of how he contracting venereal disease from Paquette, and how it came from one of Christopher Columbus’ men. He tells Candide that venereal disease was necessary because now Europeans were able to enjoy new world delicacies, like chocolate. The character Candide was the nephew of the Baron of Thunder-ten-tronckh, whose sister, was Candide’s mother. The baron’s sister, refused to marry Candide’s father because he only had seventy-one quarterings (noble lineages) in his coat of arms, while her own coat of arms had seventy-two (Candide, 1). This exaggeration makes the aristocracy’s concern over the subtleties of birth look ridiculous. Candide explores the hypocrisy that was rampant in the Church and the cruelty of the clergy using a variety of satirical and ironic situations such as, the Lisbon earthquake that kills tens of thousands of people and damages three fourth of Lisbon; still the Portuguese Inquisition decides to perform an auto-da-fe’ to appease God and prevent another disaster. This serves no purpose because another earthquake strikes in the middle of the hanging of Pangloss and beating of Candide. Church officials in Candide are portrayed as being among the most sinful of all citizens; having mistresses, engaging in homosexual affairs, and operating as jewel thieves. The most ridiculous example of hypocrisy in the Church is the fact that a Pope has a daughter despite his vows of celibacy. Other examples are the Portuguese Inquisitor, who takes Cunegonde for a mistress, who hangs Pangloss and executes his fellow citizens over philosophical differences, and orders Candide to beaten for, â€Å"listening with an air of approval† (Candide, 13) to the opinions of Pangloss; and a Franciscan friar who is a jewel thief, despite the vow of poverty taken by members of the Franciscan order. Finally, Voltaire introduces a Jesuit colonel with marked homosexual tendenci es. The Enlightenment belief, in which a perfect society should be controlled by reforming existing institutions, is made to appear ridiculous, while erhaps all that Voltaire wanted to do was to present the history of his century with the worst abominations. It was probably Voltaire's ability to challenge all authority that was his greatest contribution to Enlightenment values. He questioned his own parenthood and his morals to express his ideas to the world of Enlightenment through the novel Candide. In particular, the novel makes fun of those who think that human beings can endlessly improve themselves and their environment. Voltaire expresses his beliefs on optimism, philosophical speculation, and religion through the main character. Candide, The main character of the novel, is set adrift in a hostile world and unsuccessfully tries to hold on to his optimistic belief that this â€Å"is the best of all possible worlds† as his tutor, Pangloss, keeps insisting. He travels throughout Europe, South America, and the Middle East, and on the way he encounters many terrible natural disasters. Candide is a good-hearted but hopelessly naive.

Internet a Tool of Modern Age

Mass Media Society Abstract This paper shows the problems of mass media. Mass media is absolutely important for our life. However, as much as mass media plays an important role in our society, it causes some serious problems. Mass media makes citizens recognize misjudgments by distorting the truth. Most serious problem mass media can affect extreme power to our society. Mass media has been developed more and more as society has grown, becoming centralized authority in our society. Exaggerated contents of mass media affect bad sides to people-especially teenagers.Some people tend to believe mass media absolutely, so it is also becomes a problem. Television, internet, and advertising, nowadays, the most important medium of mass media brings some problems to each other, so these are issue in society which people have to solve. Mass Media Power The more society has grown, the bigger the market of mass media has been developed. Hibbert (2006) defined in the book  the power of media  t hat mass media is all part of television, radio, Web sites, newspapers, magazines and books. They deliver information to the public (p. 6).People can meet and understand their society through mass media. Before 1960s, mass media was not public. Some citizens could know how their society and economy were moved according to newspaper. Since 1970s when television was invented, the market of mass media has been developed. Now, most fields of mass media were created, so we can meet mass media really easily not only on the streets but also at home. We are living under the effects of mass media. However, this development of mass media brings some problems in our society as two sides of the same coins.Mass media crisis has rear up secretly because most media organizations do not want to be revealed to their problems frankly. Problems Mass media affects all fields such as politic, economy, government, culture and society. Almost all countries have their own problems of media. The most seriou s problem of that media is mass media can bring confusion of people value. For example, mass media is to make people agree their ideas or thoughts in terms of propaganda. The meaning of propaganda is â€Å"a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of large umbers of people† (Propaganda, 2008). Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your work†¦ Actually, this word was meaning of the things to be spread. However, now most people may know the word of propaganda is some information which is false or emphasizes one part of a situation, normally used by a government or political group according to Nazi propaganda (Bytwerk, 2005). Taylor (2001) revealed how Hitler implanted his ideology in their citizens: In 1933, Adolf Hitler appointed Minister for Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels.Goebbels had spread a lot of propagandas, contained the ideology of Hitler and Nazi. All journalists, writers, and ar tists were needed to register with one of the Ministry's subsidiary chambers for the press, fine arts, music, theater, film, literature, or radio. The Nazis believed in propaganda as a vital tool in achieving their goals. Adolf Hitler was impressed by the power of Allied propaganda during World War I and believed that it had been a primary cause of the collapse of morale and revolts in the German home front and Navy in 1918. Broadcasters and journalists required prior approval before their works were disseminated.Along with posters, the Nazis produced a number of films and books to spread their beliefs. (pp. 162-163) In the U. S. and South Korean government also by emphasizing red complex to their citizens through mass media like radio or newspapers, the governments make their citizens recognize the hostile attitude about all policies of socialism while they justifies their policies (Kang, 1997). These things are absolute examples of mass media’s problem. In addition, as mark et of mass media has been developed much, the authority of mass media has grown also.The power of mass media has been centralized too much, so it exercises extreme influence over any government. The contents of mass media have been contained exaggeration and violence more and more. This mass media makes people tend to believe absolutely. Mass media has strong authority in our society. Mass media became one most important way for people to deliver information since mass media has been developed. We can get a lot of information and knowledge easily through mass media like newspaper, magazines and books. Actually, there is no way for us to take new information except through mass media.Therefore, mass media could have great authority among our society. You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more†¦ Television Television is one of the most important media of mass communication. Common people may watch television at least one hour every day. Some people usually meet news through television and others may want to watch dramas or variety shows. We can watch a lot of programs according to our tastes through television. Nielsen media research (1998) reported: â€Å"Television was introduced to the U. S. A. t the 1939 World’s Fair in New York. After two years, the Federal communications Commission licensed and approved the first commercially available television stations. In 1950, about 9% of American homes had TV sets. Since 1985, television ownership has been about 98%† (cited in Bushman, 2001, p. 477). Since television was invented, media became very popular in our life. Now almost all families have television at least one at home. Television has developed since 1930th  as amazing invention can give people a lot of information and enjoyment visually and audially both.Most Americans watch television for 3 to 5 hours per day (Horvath, 2004, p. 378). As much as television has become famous to people, it causes many problems too. The violence of television’s programs has very serious effects. In television programs, we can easily see a recurrence of a case. It causes imitative crimes. Brandon Centerwall (1993), a professor at the University of Washington reported that from 1945 to 1974, 93% of the murder rate has been increased. It shows that television teaches violence, and it also makes people be unconcerned about violence.It can also cause antisocial actions. Television can bring addiction, which is one problem appeared since mass media was developed. TV addiction is similar with other addictions like drugs addiction or gambling. Especially TV addiction is bad for children. â€Å"A child who watched two hours of television a day before age three would be 20 percent more likely to have attention problems at age seven compared with a child who did not watch television† (Christakis, 2004). Television programs are contained to the violent acts and sensational contents more and more by pursuing commercial value.Moreover, they also maintain that television is forcing simple thoughts. Television gives us a lot of information but they can just give that. Viewers just can accept television’s information we cannot communicate with television. It is sure that the invention of television brought great development in our society. However, as the market of broadcast has been bigger, programs in television has been contained more violence and exaggerated. These things give children and teenagers bad effects, so all broadcast need to adjust their program contents. Internet Thatcher and Goolam (2005) said in their journal:The number of people using the internet has grown exponentially since the emergence of World Wide Web about ten years ago. No one is exactly sure how many people have online access. According to NUA Internet Survey (2002), it was estimated the number of internet users is approximately 600 million people in 2002 (Nua Internet survey, cited in Thatcher ; Goolam, 2002, p. 767). The popularity of the WWW, combined with the pervasiveness of computer technology in general, means that people are becoming increasingly reliant on technology and the Internet to conduct their day-to-day and work activities. p. 767) Although internet appeared as a new medium of media and it formed new society, internet is not mixed with society where we live, so it caused many problems. We can accept tremendous information via internet because people in all over the world could share their information on network. However, as much as there is a lot of knowledge, in internet there is also information not true and useless. Also, since internet was popularized, many illegal crimes have been happened through internet. These crimes committed through the use of computer are called cybercrime.Cybercrime is â€Å"a real and growing problem that costs governments, businesses, and individual computer users millions of dollars annually and that facilitates many of the same cri mes committed in real space, such as identity theft and the trafficking of child pornography, only on a larger scale† (Jones, 2007). The Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) revealed the U. S. A. lost about 240 million dollars from online crime during 2007: Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your work†¦ Financial losses from online crime reported to U. S. uthorities reached a record high last year, topping nearly 240 million dollar. Taking into account unreported crimes the real figure is likely to be much higher. Auction fraud and other forms of cybercrime reported to the Internet Crime Complaint Center were up 40 million or 20 per cent from those reported in 2006. The IC3 received 206,884 complaints about internet crimes last year, more than 90,000 of which were referred to law enforcement agencies across the U. S. IC3, which serves as a clearing house for cybercrime, is a joint operation between the FBI and the National White Collar Crime Center.A lthough internet auction fraud was the most widely reported complaint to the IC3, other problem areas included non-delivery of purchases and credit card fraud. Computer hacking attacks spam and child abuse on the net formed the subject of other complaints. Commonly reported scams involved the purchase or sale of pets, cheque fraud, email spam, and online dating fraud. The report provides evidence that the U. K. is fast catching up with the U. S. in being a hotbed of cybercrime. Despite the fact that the IC3 study is supposedly a national US annual report, the UK is the source of 15. per cent of the crime reports, significantly ahead of other cybercrime hotspots such as Nigeria (Leyden, 2008). It is also commonly happened to be invaded person’s privacy and personal information on network. According to a survey of 1,000 U. S. adults conducted by TNS Sofres on behalf of digital-security company Gemalto (2008), about 60% of Americans are concerned about stealing their account pas swords when they bank online, and 38% do not believe online payments (cited in Swartz, 2008). Advertising Advertising is a part of mass media.Market of advertisement has been developed as much as we can see an advertisement per one minute. Nowadays most products make up of advertisement because each product has to be sold in infinity competition society. Now customers live in the flood of advertising. From the moment of opening eyes to going to bed, people are connected with advertising through television, radio, newspapers, magazines and catalogs. Human Communication research (1998) shows one adult can contact to 3,000 advertising during one day and he or she can memorize just 10 out of 3,000 (cited in Kim, 2000, p. 4). The market of advertisements has been developed. However, the problem of advertisements are inherent in function of information, entertain and persuasion, so they may not only make people’s life style changed but also promote decadent culture like alcohol, ci garette and sex. You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more†¦ Ellickson et al (2005) studied about how much advertising will affect to adolescents: Ellickson and other authors examine the relationship exposure to different forms of alcohol advertisingand subsequent drinking among U.S. adolescents and assess whether exposure to an alcohol and drug prevention program mitigates any such relationship. The sample includes 3111 seventh-graders drawn from 41 South Dakota middle schools, and they are exposed to television beer advertising, variables were constructed for four types of alcohol advertising – television, in – store displays, magazines and concession stands. The result of this experience is several forms of alcohol advertising predict adolescent drinking; which sources dominate depends on the child's prior experience with alcohol.Forty-eight percent of the non-drinkers in grade 7 qualified as past-year drinkers by the spring of ninth gra de, indicating a substantial amount of initiation over the period examined. (pp. 235-246). Like this, advertising affects to people, especially adolescents a lot. Actually advertising has a great of influence on customers and society. For example, there is a study that skinny models in advertising cause eating disorder of women and girl, so some countries took measures to ban ultra-skinny models from their catwalks (Diderich, 2007).People can meet the extreme number of advertising everyday, so advertising has to be made without exaggeration and fiction. Janese Heavin (2007) who is the Tribune’s staff, wrote the article about a study: University of Missouri-Columbia research said that looking at pictures of flawless models in fashion magazines can make even the prettiest women feel downright crummy. Laurie Mintz, associate professor of education, school and counseling psychology in the MU College of Education said most women know intuitively or subconsciously that when they lo ok at magazines they will feel badly about themselves.The study validates what women know in their own experiences but assume it is just theirs to deal with. Spearheaded by graduate student Emily Hamilton, who used the project to earn her master’s degree, the study asked 81 college women to rate how they feel about their appearance, from facial features to chest size. Some of the women were then asked to view magazine advertisements that used fashion models to sell products. Others looked at ads that showed products with no models.Those who saw the images of fashion models later reported having a more negative body image, regardless of their own attractiveness. This study shows women were equally affected by the images. It is been commonly believed that larger women or women struggling with eating disorders feel worse after seeing pictures of models, but the latest study indicates the images are bad for everyone. In conclusion, people have to be careful when accepting mass me dia’s information.There are not simple solutions to solve the problem of media. These problems of mass media like television, internet and advertising have bad effects on people especially the perfection of self during childhood. People should try to accept right information through mass media. Therefore, they need to improve critical thoughts for filtering correct acknowledge. Critical thinking might be helpful to accept which information is needed to us. Critical thinking is â€Å"mental processes of distinguish, analysis and evaluation.Critical thinking is a form of judgment, specifically meaningful and reflective judgment. Using critical thinking one makes a decision or solves the problem of judging what to believe or what to do, but does so in a reflective way† (Critical thinking, 2008). People have the right to criticize and punish media which is to destroy our emotion and ethics. People have to improve power of judgment. If people have ability to control informa tion in this information-oriented society, they may have precedence over other people who do not have.Need an essay? You can  buy essay help  from us today! Custom essay QUOTE ORDER a custom essay Please rate the quality of this essay: Good Neutral Poor Struggling with your essay? You can get your essay custom written by an expert in your subject area. Fully researched and referenced, the perfect model answer†¦ Get a quote here Share & download: Print Download Email Request the removal of this essay. Find out how UK Read more:  http://www. ukessays. com/essays/media/mass-media-society. php#ixzz2QiFaMPxA

Essay Sample on African Americans in Interracial Partnerships

Essay Sample on African Americans in Interracial Partnerships Free sample essay on African Americans: In this essay I will examine partnerships involving African Americans and persons of a different race by using the following question: How are African Americans represented through television and movies as members of an interracial relationships and what traits are being passed on to the next generation of viewers? The first interracial partnership that I examined was that of Claudette and Vic from the television series, The Shield. In the three episodes I viewed from season two, there was a huge underlying conflict between Claudette and Vic (Williams-Hawkins Video Archive, Tape #B-010). Claudette seems inherently suspicious of Vic due to his ambiguity and his past record. Claudette, an African American female and the leader of the precinct is portrayed as a true team-leader, demanding, but still polite about it. She also interacts with Captain Aceveda, a Latino, on a regular basis, working side by side with him. Aceveda was also very suspicious of Vic. Joe Clark, a black man who was Vics training officer, but was later kicked off the force, was somewhat on the other side of the spectrum from Claudette. Joe was originally asked advice by Vic, but then tries to get Vic to participate in a revenge scheme against the man who had him kicked off the force. Through Claudette and Joe we see that Afric an Americans in The Shield are represented mostly as good partners, whether they are good people or not, thats a whole different question (Williams-Hawkins Video Archive, Tape# B-002). The second interracial partnership I examined was that of Lieutenant Fancy and Detective Sipowicz on the police drama NYPD Blue. Sipowicz always appears to be very suspicious of the African American witnesses, and is sometimes rude or racist towards his boss, Lieutenant Fancy, especially while arguing with him. Fancy is an upstanding man, always quick to think of the team before himself, whether with Sipowicz or another member of the precinct he always seems to get along all right. Sipowicz and Fancy work together well when they are not arguing. With Fancy and Sipowicz there is an unspoken bond, despite Sipowiczs somewhat hidden racism, Fancy knows that Sipowicz will always have his back and vice versa (Williams-Hawkins Video Archive, A-118). The third partnership I examined was that of Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker in the movies Rush Hour and Rush Hour 2. Detective Carter is assigned to watch over Inspector Lee during an investigation in Rush Hour. The FBI gives Carter, an over-zealous, loud-mouthed, arrogant detective, a job to keep him out of the way. Carter is very dismissing with his Asian counterpart, Inspector Lee. He is also seen as a joke by his entire department. Carter evolves through this movie from an exact personification of the coon stereotype into more of a cooperative, nice guy who just happens to have a big mouth (Granger, 1998). In Rush Hour 2, the same humor is used in a separate country, this time Carter travels to Hong Kong, where Inspector Lee lives and works. Lee now becomes the more bossy of the two because he his more familiar with Hong Kong than Carter. Carter then reverts to his old tactics of yelling and arrogance only to find his efforts futile in the new environment (Granger, 2001). Carter is a much exaggerated character matching up almost perfectly with the classic stereotype of a coon. In 2000, 166 college students (43% male and 53% female)were surveyed. The students averaged 9.96 hours per week of television viewing. The respondents were told to write down and rate the characteristics of people they saw on TV. They were told to do this entirely from memory. Of the 166 students, all of them listed more negative qualities for African American characters than for white characters. African Americans were seen to have more drug dealing, crime, violence and alcohol abuse problems than whites. They were also perceived as less intelligent, lazier, less tolerant, and less patriotic. The fact is that every college student surveyed saw more negative attributes than positive attributes in the African American characters (Fujioka, 2000). The primary objective of the mass media, film and television in particular, is to hide discoveries like this insisting that races are naturally different and each race is consistent (Rocchio, 2000). Despite those statistics, several advances in the way the African American is portrayed have happened. Due to Spike Lees success in the 1990s more accurate portrayals of African Americans have hit mainstream (Bogle, 1994). When a segment of the general audience responded to [Spike Lees] films, [it looked as if movies by black directors with cultural traits and distinctions] would reach a white audience just as popular music by black artists had reached white music listeners (Bogle, 1994). In response to the question: How are African Americans represented through television and movies as members of an interracial relationships and what traits are being passed on to the next generation of viewers? Despite the fact that African Americans are usually portrayed as assertive and demanding within partnerships, they are still represented as good partners in television and in movies. Whether their antics lead to the capture of someone or the just lead to an entertaining movie, they are portrayed as good partners with open minds and are not portrayed as racist against people from a different ethnic background.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Leadership - Essay Example In this paper, the researcher will shed light on leadership characteristics such as traits, behaviors, knowledge, and skills which can be used by a leader to influence attitude and thinking process of followers. Leadership style of the workplace supervisor of the researcher has been selected as example leader in order to address key deliverables in the research project. Practical evidences of leadership style of workplace supervisor have been cited in order to answer different questions in the assignment. Theoretical arguments like transformational leadership style, organizational power dispositions, leadership constraints etc are being also discussed in the paper in order put theoretical depth in the discussion. Concepts like influence of stress, tactics to implement change etc are being also discussed in order increase robustness of discussion. In the later part, the paper has taken help of motivational theories in order to describe the influence of workplace supervisor on driving motivation among subordinates. At the final part, self reflective analysis has also been incorporated in order to address learning outcomes. In many occasions, theoretical arguments of various research scholars are being incorporated in order to understand leadership behavior of the leader in the example. Introduction In this essay, the researcher will shed light on the relevance of leadership theories in context to his/her professional experience ore in simple word, this essay will analyze the leadership traits that the researcher want to possess in order to succeed in future professional settings. Important thing to mention that the paper would not perceive leadership as mere positional aspect rather focus of the paper will be to analyze leadership traits, skills, knowledge, and behaviors which play vital role in influencing subordinates to achieve higher performance. Context of the paper will be analyzed in the next section while personal findings of the researcher will be discus sed in respect of various leadership theories and this will be the key agenda of the paper. Researcher will use the professional experience gathered while working in a service organization and judge applicability leadership theories in context to personality dimension in the service organization. Context As a leadership example, the researcher will use the leadership characteristics of his/her workplace supervisor in order to take example from professional life. During working in the organization, leadership traits and behaviors of workplace supervisor significantly impacted performance outcome of researcher and that is the reason why leadership characteristics of workplace supervisor has been selected as pertinent aspect in the paper. Another important thing is that the researcher has sufficient emotional distance with workplace supervisor and relationship is purely professional in nature hence there is very little scope for intervention of subjectivity or biasness while discussing the influence of workplace supervisor’s behaviors on thinking and attitude of the researcher. Discussion and Analysis Vardiman, Houghston & Jinkerson (2006) defined leadership as the juxtaposition of skill, communication ability, influencing characteristic and attitude which can be used by a particular organizational individual to influence subordinates. Vardiman, Houghston and Jinkerson (2006) argued that position based power to direct action of others should not be perceived as leadership rather leadership is defined by the behavior, interpersonal skill, attitude of a very individual which make him or her leader. Alas, Tafel & Tuulik (2007) also found that leadership depends heavily on personal traits like relationship with subordinates, collaborative attitude, coordination skill; personality etc and leaders need to have these characteristics in order to influence or motivate subordinates to achieve performance objectives. Now the question is whether workplace supe

Electricty Grid retailer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electricty Grid retailer - Assignment Example 4). Increase the ease and reduce the cost to operate PHEV. Electrical Power: How the Electricity Retailer Can Reduce Consumption During Peak Periods with Low Carbon Footprint Energy Technology Electricity is a secondary source of energy. Electricity is transformed from the combustion of coal and fossil fuels into a secondary source, which can be used and effectively and efficiently transmitted by means of power transmission lines to the consumer. Electricity can also be generated by means of the combustion of biomass. Other primary sources from which electricity is transformed are: natural gas, solar, hydro, geothermal, wind and nuclear sources. The electricity which is generated from the combustion of coal, natural gas, fossil fuels and nuclear sources is non renewable. Electricity is also generated from renewable sources such as: hydropower, wind, biomass, geothermal and solar (Need.org n.d.). The cost of generating electricity varies between 2.2 pence per kilowatt hour to 3.2 penc e per kilowatt hour for the electricity producer. The least expensive means of deriving electrical power is from a combined cycle gas turbine. The most expensive means of deriving electrical energy through combustion is the coal fired integrated gasification combined cycle plant. Open cycle gas turbines which operate on the combustion of natural gas are the most well suited for new electrical generating facilities. The best candidates for fulfilling electrical power generation requisites at peak duty are the open cycle gas turbines. These open cycle gas turbines are adaptive, reliable and are capable of being efficiently ignited when the demand for electricity reaches its peak demand. An open cycle gas turbine can generate electricity at 3.2 pence per kilowatt hour when operate continuously. When operated solely at periods of peak duty, the open cycle gas turbine generates electrical energy at 6.2 pence per kilowatt hour (Royal Academy of Engineering n.d.). The operating cost of ren ewable energy sources is more expensive than the constant cycle gas turbine, the pulverized fuel steam facility, the circulated fluidized bed steam plant and the integrated gasification combined cycle. Fluctuation of electrical power generation in the renewable energy sources is a limiting factor in the output generation of electrical power. The cost of generation of electrical power varies from 3.2 pence per kilowatt hour to 7.2 pence per kilowatt hour. The cost of generating electrical power is diminished when there is no standby generation from non renewable sources. An onshore wind farm generates electrical energy at a cost of 3.2 pence per kilowatt hour, notwithstanding the standby generation of electrical power from non renewable sources. In the provision of a standby electrical generator operating from non renewable sources, the cost of generating electricity from an onshore wind farm is 5.4 pence per kilowatt hour. The kilowatt hour cost of generating electrical power from w ave and marine technologies is consistent at 6.6 pence per kilowatt hour, with or without a standby electrical generation resource (Royal Academy of Engineering n.d.). The analysis of consumer demand for electrical energy by the electricity retailer requires constant demand data on a monthly, daily and hourly basis. This data may be evaluated by two means: daily and by the maximum or minimum electrical power consumption. The patterns of demand

SMB team on-demand CRM comparison guide by Ziff Davis Essay

SMB team on-demand CRM comparison guide by Ziff Davis - Essay Example The products can also be applied for single use or for departmental use. Each product also has a different pricing basis that ranges in price, duration of license and number of users per license. The products’ mode of sale, year of development, and ownership are also diversified. They however serve a wide customer base in the global market (Davis, p. 1).The reported Customer Relationship Management products also have differentiated features. The products’ specifications such as versions are for example distinct for each product. Similarly, the products functions are diversified and include â€Å"sales, marketing, service, workflow, system customization, offline synchronization, customer service, reporting and inventory management† functions that are either singly or jointly applicable (Davis, p. 2). The products are also identified with special features that apply to some of the functionalities. Such functions are sales, marketing.The content of the paper â€Å" SMB team on-demand CRM comparison guide by Ziff Davis† is relevant and valuable to my project that seeks to recommend application of Customer Relationship Management to Macy’s enterprises. This is because it identifies features of different Customer Relationship Management products, their functions that identify the products’ benefits, and features of every product towards its functions. It therefore helps with information that supports my project’s recommendation of a specific product to Macy’s Inc.

The Success of Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder Essay Example for Free

The Success of Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder Essay With the increased dependence on others because of the boom in societies’ populations, social skills are becoming more of a necessity in the normal functioning of individuals. Behaviors which obstruct the normal functioning of individuals in social situations are therefore a growing cause of concern. One such behavior is the psychological disorder, social anxiety disorder. Social anxiety disorder is a psychological disorder characterized by a persistent fear of negative evaluation from others in social situations to which the individual is exposed (Stein, 2006). Because of this increase in fear of experiencing humiliation, there is an observed pattern of irregular functioning as well as clinically diagnosed distress in the individual (Stein, 2006). This therefore stops the suffering individual from relating to others in regular social situations. Furthermore, the distress resulting from the fear incapacitates the individual from other day-to-day patterns of behavior. Social anxiety disorder manifests during early stages of human development and has been found to be one of the most prevalent mental disorders (Stein, 2006). Because of this, an increase in concern has been raised for the treatment of the disorder, especially because the nature of the disorder prevents individuals from seeking treatment of the same. This paper will deal with two therapies used in treating social anxiety disorder. The treatment procedures offered by cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy, the use of medicine in treatments. This will be done by reviewing several articles written by experts studying methods of treating the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. Also the effectiveness of the different treatment procedures in helping clients will be discussed. By the end of this paper a clearer picture will have been made of the research methods utilized in studying social anxiety disorder, the treatments suggested, and the effectiveness of such treatments. The Importance of Working Alliance Hayes, Hopes, VanDyke, and Heimberg (2007) conducted a study regarding the effectiveness of cognitive-behavior therapy in addressing the concerns of patients suffering from social anxiety disorder. One of the processes of cognitive-behavior therapy involves the firm establishment of an interpersonal relationship between the client and therapist. This relationship is known as the working alliance. Working alliance goes beyond forming a bond and involves the foundation of an agreement between the client and therapist regarding the tasks and goals of the therapy proceedings (Hayes et al., 2007). In their research study, Hayes et al. (2007) studied the role that working alliance played in having treatments result in effective treatments. The research was conducted through first assessing that the patients were seeking treatment for social anxiety disorder and that no other therapist was being consulted (Hayes et al., 2007). Participants were then asked to rate the level of distress they felt before entering the therapy. After the session, participants and third-person observers rated the perceived level of working alliance as well as the degree of helpfulness of the session (Hayes et al., 2007). Only the first session was studied by the researchers as they believed this first session was important in knowing if the client would come back or not. This may have limited the results as the researchers couldn’t make sure if the long-term effectiveness of the treatment is because of working alliance or because of other reasons. The research ended with the finding that high levels of working alliance didn’t lower the reported level of depression of the clients (Hayes et al., 2007). However, the treatment did get positive reports as to helpfulness. Those participants who reported moderate levels of working alliance showed decreases in depression (Hayes et al., 2007). In fact, those who reported before the session the highest levels of depression and showed the greatest decrease in depression after the session were those who reported average working alliance levels (Hayes et al., 2007). The research raises the question whether or not an entirely open relationship with therapists would help change the non-helpful social behavior of participants. Also, the research does not clearly point out whether it is the process which clients say is helpful or if it’s working alliance. More than anything, this study points out the need to study more the processes of cognitive-behavior therapy so that it will be understood what particular process helps social anxiety disorder patients. The Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy A research study conducted through the review of relevant past research was conducted by Zaider and Heimberg (2003). Past research was tapped through the use of literature searches, reference lists and research databases (Zaider Heimberg, 2003). This provided the researchers with a long list of research papers to review – more than 100 papers were found but only 80 were accepted based on relevance. This method serves to summarize research conducted over the last fifteen years, making clear the contribution of each individual research conducted. But the study is limited because of the method used. Data still needs to be collected by studying the conclusions and proposals of this review of past literature. The studies reviewed also reflected several treatment procedures used in cognitive-behavior therapy. To name some of these treatments: relaxation training, social skills training, exposure, cognitive-restructuring techniques, and combined exposure and cognitive restructuring (Zaider Heimberg, 2003). However, the general conclusion that could be made was that the treatments were most efficient when applied together. The exact combination of treatments that would give the best results was not made clear though. But the research did conclude that the use of cognitive-behavior therapy greatly improves social performance fears (Zaider Heimberg, 2003). Moreover, the therapy resulted in the improvement of social skills and feelings of depression associated with the disorder (Zaider Heimberg, 2003). The research reflects that cognitive-behavior therapy is quick to answer the needs of social anxiety disorder. But it doesn’t answer the question of which aspect of the therapy directly contributes to the improvement. With the many treatments that may be used in cognitive-behavior therapy it is vague which one results in the best stage of improvement. There is also no explanation regarding the concepts used in this theory which help patients overcome their disability. Comparison between Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Pharmacological Interventions A handout for clinical practice guidelines (Paris, 2006) further discussed the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy in treating social anxiety disorder. The goal was to determine methods of improving the helpfulness of the therapy. This was done through a comparison of the data obtained from past researchers treating social anxiety disorder with three different treatments: cognitive-behavior therapy alone, cognitive-behavior therapy combined with prescribed medications, and pharmacology alone (Paris, 2006). However, this comparison method doesn’t control for certain conditions which might not be present in all studies. This would leave room for error in the data obtained and not make the conclusions objective and reliable. The research also enumerates the treatments applied in cognitive-behavior therapy. The list is similar to the list provided by Zaider and Heimberg (2003), as discussed earlier, except for the deletion of relaxation training and the addition of education and emotion-regulation approaches (Paris, 2006). When the researchers compared the effectiveness of the three above-mentioned conditions, no significant were noted. Therefore there were no added benefits to the use of the therapies in combination as compared to applying them separately. However, the findings did show that after stopping treatment, improvements made through cognitive-behavior therapy lasted longer than those in pharmacotherapy (Paris, 2006). Such findings raise the question as to why cognitive-behavior therapies are not the default treatment for social anxiety disorder. Combined Cognitive-Behavior Therapy and Pharmacotherapy As has been said in the previous study, there have been little to no proof showing the benefits of combining cognitive-behavior therapy with pharmocological treatments. However, medications have been found to lead to faster relief than cognitive-behavior therapy which takes a long and slow process (Rodebaugh Heimberg, 2005). On the other hand, medications have been associated with higher possibilities of relapse while cognitive-behavior therapy has shown low cases of relapse (Rodebaugh Heimberg, 2005). This accounts for the potential of exploring options for a combined treatments therapy. The possibility was studied through a review of current and recent research concerning combination treatments. But this review method fails to give a thorough control for factors which may affect the studied result along with the studied factors. There is no certainty of direct compatibility between studies. The review of the current state of knowledge served to show that some experiments had resulted in the growth of improvement effects through the combination of the two therapies (Rodebaugh Heimberg, 2005). However, this progress was observed only in the short-term effect of the therapy and no data is yet present as to the long-term benefits provided by combined treatments. It has further been found that clients who go through therapy may think that real-life practice situations as safe only when under medication. But when medication is stopped, the fear may return. This shows in truth, little improvement is made in the therapy sessions. This research brings about more questions for future research than it does provide answers. Of particular focus for future research would be the long-term rise in improvements through the early prescription of medication to a client and the delayed start of psychotherapy. Given that the effectiveness of therapy undergone while under medication may only be observed after the stop of such medication, therapy must extend after medication has been stopped. This picture gives a probable combination treatment set up. Pharmacological Treatments of Social Anxiety Disorder Stein (2006) presented his study considering the effect of clinical practices combined with advancements in medical research. This was done through the review of current clinical guidelines. The effects of known medications when applied to individuals suffering from social anxiety disorder were also considered. This method serves to provide a clear picture of the role of pharmacology in the clinical setting. It also identifies the most effective medicine to prescribe to a client asking for help for social anxiety disorder. Unlike other studies which only find basis on the helpfulness of particular pharmaceutical products in combating disorders, this method, evidence-based treatment, looks at clinical data in order to identify the best medication may be given to a client (Stein, 2006). The study reported that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors were the primary pharmacological treatments recommended for manifesting social anxiety disorder (Stein, 2006). It was explained that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors serve as effective short- and long-term treatments for social anxiety disorder. This treatment has been found to be superior to other medications available for social anxiety disorder. However, the occurrence of relapse was common in cases where treatments were not continued. It is therefore best to give long-term treatment for maximum improvement of the patient. Long- term treatment would also decrease the frequency of relapse. Instead of concluding that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors alone should be used for treatment, this research only encourages more research. Although the best possible medication has been identified, the contribution of other known medications has not been forgotten. Stein leaves open the possibility of creating new medicines for the treatment of social anxiety disorder with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as the main ingredient. Summary of Research Material Reviewed To summarize the research findings discussed above, the only successful psychotherapy so far applied to social anxiety disorder is cognitive-behavior therapy. This may be because of the close working alliance between the client and therapist as well as the real life experimentation which acts as practice for the client. This treatment has been found to have more long-lasting improvements than pharmacological treatments. However, on the basis of quality of improvements observed, no significant difference has been found between cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatments. It is theorized though that the best improvement environment might be achieved through the combination of the two treatments. However, there is little evidence collected to support such a theory. It should also be noted that the most effective medication, on the basis of evidence from clinical records, has been identified as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. But the combination of this medication with others has not been considered or studied yet. Even though the research findings have not pinpointed the specific predictors of improvement in clients’ conditions, it has been shown that indeed social anxiety disorder may be treated. In fact the challenge for researchers is to make treatment conditions better in order to maximize the improvements already offered by current therapies. Reflection on Research Findings The research has served to the existing state of research clear. From the conclusions of the researchers it can be seen that successful treatments of social anxiety disorder have been achieved. However, the reliability of medication as a treatment for this disorder remains uncertain. Medication gives quick relief of the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. However, when taking medicine is stopped, relapse is not only likely, it is sure to follow. On the other hand, cognitive-behavior therapy offers a more stable process of improvement with fewer chances of relapse. Although this therapy takes longer in showing improvement, the wide variety of treatments it offers allows for the specialization of client-therapy interactions based on the specific concerns and situation of individual clients. This allows for a stronger foundation of change. This would improve interaction even outside the clinical setting. This is quite different from the role of medication which is only to prevent the manifestation of symptoms without addressing the cause of the actual behavior being treated. Although a combination treatment is hoped for, it should be remembered that medication might only bring about a false sense of reliance. Medication should therefore not be regarded as the primary intervention mechanism. It’s psychotherapy which empowers the individual to face different social situations. Cognitive-behavioral therapy gives the patient the ability to develop coping mechanisms which he or she will learn to apply in many different social interactions that may come his or her way. References Hayes, S.A., Hope, D.A., VanDyke, M.M., and Heimberg, R.G. (2007). Working Alliance for Clients with Social Anxiety Disorder: Relationship with Session Helpfulness and Within-Session Habituation, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36(1), 34-42. Paris, J. (2006). Social Anxiety Disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(2), 35S-41S. Rodebaugh, T.L. and Heimberg, G.T. (2005). Combined Treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 19(4), 331-345. Stein, D.J. (2006). Evidence-based treatment for social anxiety disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 10(1), 16-21. Zaider, T.I. and Heimberg, R.G. (2003). Non-pharmacologic treatments for social anxiety disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(417), 72-84.